THE EXPRESSION OF THE
EMOTIONS IN MAN AND ANIMALS
BY
CHARLES DARWIN
M.A., F.R.S., ETC.
_WITH PHOTOGRAPHIC AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS_
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1899
Authorized Edition.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION......................................................Pages
1-26
CHAP. I--GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION. The three chief
principles stated--The first principle--Serviceable actions
become habitual in association with certain states of the mind,
and are performed whether or not of service in each particular case--
The force of habit--Inheritance--Associated habitual movements
in man--Reflex actions--Passage of habits into reflex actions--
Associated habitual movements in the lower animals--
Concluding remarks ............27-49
CHAP. II--GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION--_continued_. The Principle
of Antithesis--Instances in the dog and cat--Origin of the principle--
Conventional signs--The principle of antithesis has not arisen from
opposite
actions being consciously performed under opposite impulses ..........50-65
CHAP. III--GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EXPRESSION--_concluded_.
The principle of the direct action of the excited nervous system on the
body,
independently of the will and in part of habit--Change of colour in the
hair--
Trembling of the muscles--Modified secretions--Perspiration--Expression of
extreme pain--Of rage, great joy, and terror--Contrast between the emotions
which cause and do not cause expressive movements--Exciting and depressing
states of the mind--Summary............................................
66-82
CHAP. IV--MEANS OF EXPRESSION. IN ANIMALS. The emission of sounds--
Vocal sounds--Sounds otherwise produced--Erection of the dermal appendages,
hairs, feathers, &c., under the emotions of anger and terror--The drawing
back
of the ears as a preparation for fighting, and as an expression of anger--
Erection of the ears and raising the head, a sign of attention 88-114
CHAP. V.--SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ANIMALS. The Dog, various expressive
movements of--Cats--Horses--Ruminants--Monkeys, their expression of joy
and affection--Of pain--Anger Astonishment and Terror Pages 115-145
CHAP. VI.--SPECIAL EXPRESSIONS OF MAN: SUFFERING AND WEEPING. The
screaming
and weeping of infants--Form of features--Age at which weeping commences--
The effects of habitual restraint on weeping--Sobbing--Cause of
the contraction of the muscles round the eyes during screaming--
Cause of the secretion of tears 146-175
CHAP. VII.--LOW SPIRITS, ANXIETY, GRIEF, DEJECTION, DESPAIR. General
effect
of grief on the system--Obliquity of the eyebrows under suffering--
On the cause of the obliquity of the eyebrows--On the depression
of the corners of the mouth 176-195
CHAP. VIII.--JOY, HIGH SPIRITS, LOVE, TENDER FEELINGS, DEVOTION.
Laughter primarily the expression of joy--Ludicrous ideas--
Movements of the features during laughter--Nature of the sound produced--
The secretion of tears during loud laughter--Gradation from loud
laughter to gentle smiling--High spirits--The expression of love--
Tender feelings--Devotion 196-219
CHAP. IX.--REFLECTION--MEDITATION--ILL--TEMPER--SULKINESS DETERMINATION.
The act of frowning--Reflection with an effort or with the perception
of something difficult or disagreeable--Abstracted meditation--
Ill-temper--Moroseness--Obstinacy--Sulkiness and pouting--
Decision or determination--The firm closure of the mouth 220-236
CHAP. X.-HATRED AND ANGER.
Hatred--Rage, effects of on the system--Uncovering of the teeth--
Rage in the insane--Anger and indignation--As expressed by the various
races of man--Sneering and defiance--The uncovering of the canine
teeth on one side of the face 237-252
CHAP. XI.--DISDAIN--CONTEMPT--DISGUST--GUILT--PRIDE, ETC.--HELPLESSNESS--
PATIENCE--AFFIRMATION AND NEGATION. Contempt, scorn and disdain,
variously expressed--Derisive Smile--Gestures expressive of contempt--
Disgust--Guilt, deceit, pride, etc.--Helplessness or impotence--
Patience--Obstinacy--Shrugging the shoulders common to most of the races
of man--Signs of affirmation and negation 253-277
CHAP. XII.--SURPRISE--ASTONISHMENT--FEAR--HORROR.
Surprise, astonishment--Elevation of the eyebrows--Opening the mouth--
Protrusion of the lips--Gestures accompanying surprise--
Admiration Fear--Terror--Erection of the hair--Contraction of the
platysma muscle--Dilatation of the pupils--horror--Conclusion. Pages
278-308
CHAP. XIII.--SELF-ATTENTION--SHAME--SHYNESS--MODESTY: BLUSHING.
Nature of a blush--Inheritance--The parts of the body most affected--
Blushing in the various races of man--Accompanying gestures--
Confusion of mind--Causes of blushing--Self-attention, the
fundamental element--Shyness--Shame, from broken moral laws and
conventional rules--Modesty--Theory of blushing--Recapitulation 309-346
CHAP. XIV.--CONCLUDING REMARKS AND SUMMARY.
The three leading principles which have determined the chief movements
of expression--Their inheritance--On the part which the will and
intention have played in the acquirement of various expressions--
The instinctive recognition of expression--The bearing of our
subject on the specific unity of the races of man--On the successive
acquirement of various expressions by the progenitors of man--
The importance of expression--Conclusion 347-366
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. Diagram of the muscles of the face, from Sir C. Bell 24
2. " " " Henle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. " " " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Small dog watching a cat on a table 43
5 Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions 52
6. Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind 53
7. Half-bred Shepherd Dog 54
8. Dog caressing his master 55
9. Cat, savage, and prepared to fight 58
10. Cat in an affectionate frame of mind 59
11. Sound-producing quills from the tail of the Porcupine 93
12. Hen driving away a dog from her chickens......98
13. Swan driving away an intruder.................99
14. Head of snarling dog.........................117
15. Cat terrified at a dog.......................125
16. Cynopithecus niger, in a placid condition....135
17. The same, when pleased by being caressed.....135
18. Chimpanzee disappointed and sulky............139
19. Photograph of an insane woman................296
20. Terror.......................................299
21. Horror and Agony.............................306
Plate I. to face page 147 Plate V. to face page 254.
" II. " 178. " VI. " 264.
" III. " 200. " VII. " 300.
" IV. " 248.
_N. B_.--Several of the figures in these seven Heliotype Plates have been
reproduced from photographs, instead of from the original negatives;
and they are in consequence somewhat indistinct. Nevertheless they are
faithful copies, and are much superior for my purpose to any drawing,
however carefully executed.
[Note: Illustrations are not available in this etext version.]
